ATOMS.

ATOMS 

 

SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES

PROTONS

-         It is found in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons.

-         The proton is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of +1.

-         Protons and neutrons are both nucleons, which may be bound by the nuclear force into atomic nuclei.

-         Positively charged (+)

NEUTRONS

-         subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton.

-         found in atomic nuclei.

-         The nuclei of most atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons.

-         The number of protons in a nucleus is the atomic number and defines the type of element the atom forms.

-         The number of neutrons is the neutron number and determines the isotope of an element.

ELECTRONS

-         The electron was identified as a particle in 1897 by J. J. Thomson and his team of British physicists.

-         The electron is a subatomic particle carrying a negative electric charge.

-         It has no known components or substructure, and therefore is believed to be an elementary particle

-         An electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton.

-         The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron, which is identical to the electron except that it carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign.

-         An electron in motion relative to an observer generates a magnetic field, and will be deflected by external magnetic fields.

IONS AND ISOTOPES

IONS

-          Ions are atoms with charges, this is when atoms lose or gain electrons.

-          To form ions, it is the electrons in the highest energy level that are gained or lost. When electrons are gained, the ion has a negative charge and is called an anion. When electrons are lost, the ion has a positive charge and is called a cation.

-          This may seem backwards in terms of losing something becoming more positive and gaining something becoming more negative, but if you remember that electrons have a negative charge, what is being added or lost have a negative value.

Cations: when an electron loses electrons, it gets more positive (+)

Anions: when an electron receives electrons, it gets more negative (-)

Example:

                                             2e

Carbon: 6 electrons -----------------------------à Carbon: 6 electrons

It becomes:

Carbon: 4 electrons -----------------------------à Carbon: 8 electrons

                        ^                                                                                ^

since it lost electrons (2)                              since it gained electrons(2)

            it is now a cation. (+) it is                              it is now an anion. (-) it is more        now less negative, so it is                                 negative.

            more positive.

ISOTOPES

-     this is when the atomic mass changes, specifically the neutron.

-          Atomic mass is equal to protons + neutrons. Protons don’t change because it means, the element would change, since it is equal to the atomic number. In isotopes, the number of neutrons changes.

Example:

A.   atomic mass:   12 Carbon        6 protons        6 electrons     6 neutrons

B.   atomic mass: 11 Carbon        6 protons        6 electrons     5 neutrons

C.   atomic mass: 14 Carbon        6 protons        6 electrons     8 neutrons

-          Atoms B and C are what you call the isotopes of Carbon.

Created by: 

Cruz, De los Reyes, Groves, 

Lorenzo and Villarosa II-9. :)