Mole Concept : Mole to Volume, Volume to Mole, Mole to Representative Particles, Representative Particles to Mole, & Percentage

MOLE CONCEPTS

* remember that 1 mole of any gas will always have a volume of 22.4 Liters when the gas is at standard temperature & pressure.

MOLE TO VOLUME

    

Example:

atoms = 1 mol:

VOLUME TO MOLE

V= n x v

Example: 

atoms = 1 mol:

MOLE TO REPRESENTATIVE PARTICLES

(desired moles)(6.02x10^₂₃part/1 mol)=answer

Example: 

How many grams of oxygen gas are in 4.5 moles of oxygen gas?

6.02*10²³ times 4.5

answer: 2.709*10²⁴

^{REPRESENTATIVE PARTICLES TO MOLE
(desired moles)=(6.02x10₂₃part/1 mol)}

^{(c) Patricia Tingjuy}

Group 1

Covalent: Polar & Non-Polar



Depending on the relative electronegativities of the two atoms sharing electrons, there may be partial transfer of electron density from one atom to the other. When the electronegativities are not equal, electrons are not shared equally and partial ionic charges develop.


The greater the electronegativity difference, the more ionic the bond is. Bonds that are partly ionic are called polar covalent bonds.


Nonpolar covalent bonds, with equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond
 -A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair


Polar Covalent Bond
 -A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have different electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair
 -The result is a bond where the electron pair is displaced toward the more electronegative atom. This atom then obtains a partial-negative charge while the less electronegative atom has a partial-positive charge.This separation of charge or bond dipole can be illustrated using an arrow with the arrowhead directed toward the more electronegative atom.

Binary Ionic and Binary Covalent

Binary Ionic 
- Positively charged ions are called cations
- Negatively charged ions are called anions
- The cation is always named first.

• Simple binary ionic compounds contain only a kind of metal cation and a kind of nonmetal anion.
• They are the compounds formed from the metal cation and the nonmetallic anion, such as sodium chloride - NaCl. Most ionic compounds are binary compounds, or compounds formed from just two elements. The naming conversion is such that the anion is named by taking the first part of the element name (chlorine) and adding -ide.

 consisting of the unambiguous stem of the more electronegative element with an -ide suffix.  Greek prefixes are not used with ionic compounds.

BaCl2	K2O
barium chloride	potassium oxide

    When more than one compound is possible for the two elements, either the oxidation state of the less electronegative element is indicated with a Roman numeral or, if possible, the stem of that element's name (frequently based on the Latin or Greek) is used with an -ous or -ic suffix.  

                                        CuS                                                                        Cu2S

                                  copper(II) sulfide                                                    copper(I) sulfide

                                     cupric sulfide                                                         cuprous sulfide

Binary Covalent 

Binary covalent compounds are compounds made up of only two elements, such as carbon dioxide. Prefixes are used in the names of binary compounds to indicate the number of atoms of each nonmetal present.

Common Prefixes for Binary Covalent Compounds

Number of Atoms	Prefix
1	mono-
2	di-
3	tri-
4	tetra-
5	penta-
6	hexa-
7	hepta-
8	octa-
9	nona-
10	deca-

Example:

carbon dioxide:

tetraphosphorus decoxide:

sulfur trioxide:

dinitrogen tetroxide:

Group 2:

Espuerta

Zablan

Silvestre

Villanueva

Lopez

Compounds

Ternary Compounds

• These are compounds containing three different elements. One example of a ternary compound is Sodium Phosphate or Na₃PO_{4. Under is a diagram showing the structure of Sodium Phosphate.}

• In Na₃PO_{4, sodium ion has a charged of 1+ and the phosphate ion has a charge 3-. So three sodium ions are needed to balance the charge of one ion.}
• _{Under are the common anions used for ternary compounds.}

Suffix - ate		Suffix - ite
Chlorate	- ClO3	Chlorite	- ClO2
Nitrate	- NO3	Nitrite	- NO2
Sulphate	- SO4	Sulphite	- SO3
Phosphate	- PO4	Phosphite	- PO3
Carbonate	- CO3
Silicate	- SiO3
Oxalate	- (COO)2
Acetate	- CH3COO
Aluminate	- AlO2
Zincate	- ZnO2
Plumbate	- PbO2
Chromate	- CrO4
Manganate	- MnO4

Ternary Ionic Compounds

• A ternary ionic compound is a compound composed of at least three different types of atoms usually a metal and a polyatomic ion which are bonded in ionic form.  
• In Ionic bonding, you can only bond NON-METAL and METAL. So to have a Ternary Ionic Compound, the compound should at least be composed of 3 or more non-metal and metal. 

• Above is a diagram showing the chemical structure of CaCO3.
• CaCO3 is an example of a Ternary Ionic Compound. CaCO3 has Calcium, Carbon and Oxygen. 

Ternary Covalent Compounds

• A ternary covalent compound is a compound composed of at least three or more NON-METAL and NON-METAL.
• It is similar to Ionic but there is no metal to bond with. 

• Above is a diagram showing the chemical structure of CH₃COO.
• CH₃COO is an example of ternary covalent compound because all the elements present are non-metal which are Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

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Group 3 ;)

Mendoza

Meily

Manibog

Macomb

Trillanes

Experiments: Making Ionic Compounds

A. MAKING IONIC COMPOUNDS:

The actual presentation of the experiment.

This experiment aims to:

®    Observe the reactions of elements to form two compounds.

®    Apply the lessons learned in Chemical Bonding.

®    Learn how to write chemical formulas for ionic compounds.

® To form ionic compounds by mixing cations and anions.

Procedure No.	Observations	Explanations
2	When we added Solutions A,B and C in each columns, nothing changed yet. The color of the solutions was still the same.
3	When we added Solution X to the first row containing A,B, and C. The colors of the mixed solution changed. Originally, the color of Solution A was orange/ yellow in color but when solution X was added there was an insoluble formed at the middle which was color Brown. When we added Solution X in B, the color wasn’t as clear as the original color instead, it turned a little yellow and in the middle was another insoluble formed  that was yellow in color.	When solution AX was combined it formed the Element Ferrous Carbonate. In solution BX, Silver Carbornate was formed. In solution CX,  Lead Carbonate was formed.
5	In Solution Y, when we added Solution A, there was no insoluble formed instead the color in the middle took up most of the space. It was orange while the other color was yellow. Solution BX had an insoluble unlike Solution AY. It was color brown while the insoluble was a darker shade of brown. Solution CY on the other hand was just white in color with no insoluble meaning it didn’t change.	Solution AY resulted to Ferrous Hydroxide. Solution BY when combined resulted to Silver Hydroxide and Solution CY resulted to Lead Hydroxide.
6	In solution Z, when combined with Solution A to form AZ, the color formed was yellow without an insoluble. Solution BZ, was a little similar to AZ but the color yellow had a lighter shade and it had an insoluble. Solution CZ was purely white with a white insoluble formed at the middle.	Solution AZ resulted to Ferrous Phosphate.. Solution Bz when combined resulted to Silver Phosphate and Solution CY resulted to Lead Phosphate.

The mixing of a cation and an anion leads to the formation of an ionic compound. The resulting ionic compound may or may not be soluble in water depending on its solubility property. For example, most of the compounds of the alkali metals are soluble in water. Many classes of ionic compounds, however, are in soluble.

Ionic compounds dissolve in water if the energy given off when the ions interact with water molecules compensates for the energy needed to break the ionic bonds in the solid and the energy required to separate the water molecules so that the ions can be inserted into solution. I think that mixing a cation and anion may or may not lead to the formation of an insoluble ionic compound depending on the situation. Ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents, especially those which ionize, such as water and ionic liquids. They are usually appreciably soluble in other polar solvents such as alcohols, acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide as well. Ionic compounds tend not to dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as diethyl ether or petrol. I think it is possible to form an insoluble ionic compound when cations and anions are mixed because there may be properties or certain qualities that a cation can fully give to the anion. Sometimes it lacks to complete and follow the octet rule as shown in the covalent bond which may be the reason why there are insoluble ionic compounds formed.

The following are the correct formulas and name for each ionic compound made.

               

Ferrous Carbonate: Fe₂ (CO₃)₃

Silver Carbonate: Ag(CO₃)₂

Lead Carbonate: PbCO₃     

Iron (II) Hydroxide: Fe(OH)₂

Silver Hydroxide: AgOH

Lead (II) Hydroxide: Pb(OH)₂

Iron (III) Phosphate: FePO₄

Silver Phosphate: Ag₃PO₄.

Lead (II) Phosphate: Pb₃(PO₄)₂

Submitted By: Group 5
San Juan
Tejada
Sanchez
Mortega
Vergara

color reaction

COLOR REACTIONS:

CHEMICALS

Phenolphthalein

Bromocresol Green

Methyl Red

Methyl Orange

Universal

Red litmus paper

Blue litmus paper

Acid/ base

A

white

Yellow orange

pink

Light pink

Red orange

acid

B

Red violet

Dark blue

yellow

Orange

blue

base

C

Red violet

Dark blue

yellow

orange

blue

base

D

white

Yellow orange

pink

Light pink

Red orange

acid

E

white

Yellow orange

pink

Light pink

Red orange

acid

F

Red violet

Dark blue

yellow

orange

blue

base

G

white

Yellow orange

pink

Light pink

Red orange

acid

this experiment aims to:

·         To be able to determine whether the unknown substances are acid or base.

·         To be able to determine the color reactions of each unknown substances when combined with the chemicals: Phenolphthalein, Bromocresol green, Methyl red, Methyl orange, and Universal.

            During the experiment, colors appeared due to mixing of chemicals. As seen in the grid/ table, substance A was mixed with Phenolphthalein resulted to a white colored substance. When substance A was mixed with Bromocresol Green, a yellow orange color appeared. When it was mixed with methyl red, the color turned pink, when it was mixed with methyl orange the color turned light pink and when substance A was mixed with the Universal, the color turned out red orange.

            Substance B mixed with Phenolphthalein resulted to a Red violet colored substance. When substance B was mixed with Bromocresol Green, dark blue color appeared. When it was mixed with methyl red, the color turned yellow, when it was mixed with methyl orange the color turned Orange and when substance B was mixed with the Universal, the color turned out blue.

            Substance C was mixed with Phenolphthalein; it resulted to a red violet colored substance. When substance C was mixed with Bromocresol Green, dark blue color appeared. When it was mixed with methyl red, the color turned yellow, when it was mixed with methyl orange the color turned orange and when substance C was mixed with the Universal, the color turned out blue.

            Substance D mixed with Phenolphthalein resulted to a white colored substance. When substance D was mixed with Bromocresol Green, yellow orange color appeared. When it was mixed with methyl red, the color turned pink, when it was mixed with methyl orange the color turned light pink and when substance D was mixed with the Universal, the color turned out red orange.

            Substance E mixed with Phenolphthalein resulted to a white colored substance. When substance E was mixed with Bromocresol Green, yellow orange color appeared. When it was mixed with methyl red, the color turned pink, when it was mixed with methyl orange the color turned light pink and when substance E was mixed with the Universal, the color turned out red orange.

            Substance F was mixed with Phenolphthalein; it resulted to a red violet colored substance. When substance F was mixed with Bromocresol Green, dark blue color appeared. When it was mixed with methyl red, the color turned yellow, when it was mixed with methyl orange the color turned orange and when substance F was mixed with the Universal, the color turned out blue.

            Substance G mixed with Phenolphthalein resulted to a white colored substance. When substance G was mixed with Bromocresol Green, yellow orange color appeared. When it was mixed with methyl red, the color turned pink, when it was mixed with methyl orange the color turned light pink and when substance G was mixed with the Universal, the color turned out red orange.  

V. Discussion & Analysis:

            Litmus paper indicators:

·         red litmus turns blue in base

·         blue litmus turns red in acid

            An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions. Because of this, when an acid is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions is shifted. Now there are more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions in the solution. This kind of solution is acidic. Acids taste sour, are corrosive to metals, change litmus (a dye extracted from lichens) red, and become less acidic when mixed with bases.

            A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions. When a base is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions shifts the opposite way. The base "soaks up" hydrogen ion, the result is a solution with more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions. This kind of solution is alkaline. Bases feel slippery, change litmus blue, and become less basic when mixed with acids.

In the experiment the indicated colors of each combined/ mixed substances would easily help determine if the unknown substance is acid or base.

Yellow, yellow orange, white and red orange are the colors which would give you the clue or hint whether it is acid. Usually these colors appear when acid substances are being formed with a greater amount of an acid substance.

 Blue, dark blue, red violets are one way to indicate if it is a base. When the substances are mixed together and have the bigger number of base volume than the acid volume, it may result to base.

The colored reactions may be a big help for an easy determination of acids or bases.

Substance A	ACID	ACID
Substance B	BASE	BASE
Substance C	BASE	BASE
Substance D	ACID	ACID
Substance E	ACID	ACID
Substance F	BASE	BASE
Substance G	ACID	ACID

As shown in this table, all substances have equal results in both colors of the litmus paper, this means that the higher the pH value of acidity or maybe the higher the pH level of bas may result to an equal result during the litmus paper test on the litmus papers. For us to be able to determine the pH level whether it is acidic or basic we use the pH scale.

Ø  pH level of 1-6 is acidic

Ø  pH level of 7 is neutral

Ø  pH level of 8-14 is base

VI. Conclusion:

            We therefore conclude that, substance A, D, E, and G are acid substances based on the litmus paper test, while substance B, C, and F are base substances. Also, as we have observed that the Colored Reactions of each substance indicates whether the substances are acid or base by just simply observing the colors which reacted when chemicals were mixed together.

II-9

tejada

san juan

sanchez

vergara

mortega