Ernest Rutherford

ERNEST RUTHERFORD

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~(O,O)~was born on August 30, 1871, in Nelson, New Zealand~(O,O)~

(^___^)Born on a farm in New Zealand, the second of 12 children(^____^)

(-___-)completed a degree at the University of New Zealand and began teaching unruly schoolboys(-___-)

(>__<)he became J. J. Thomson's first graduate student at the Cavendish Laboratory(>__<)

(O_O)was a British-New Zealand chemist andphysicist who became known as the father of nuclear (O_O)

 physics.

 (-.__.-)In early work he discovered the concept of radioactive half life, proved that radioactivity involved the transmutation of one chemical element to another, and also differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation. 

(OwO)was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances".

(^.__.^)He died in Cambridge on October 19, 1937. His ashes were buried in the nave of

 Westminster Abbey, just west of Sir Isaac Newton's tomb and by that of Lord Kelvin.

~(O.O)~was responsible for a remarkable series of discoveries in the fields of radioactivity  and nuclear physics.

 (^__^)He discovered alpha and beta rays, set forth the laws of radioactive decay, and identified alpha particles as helium nuclei. Most important, he postulated the nuclear structure of the atom: experiments done in Rutherford's laboratory showed that when alpha particles are fired into gas atoms, a few are violently deflected, which implies a dense, positively charged central region containing most of the atomic mass.

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Ernest Rutherford publishes his atomic theory describing the atom as having a central positivenucleus surrounded by negative orbiting electrons. This model suggested that most of the massof the atom was contained in the small nucleus, and that the rest of the atom was mostly empty space. Rutherford came to this conclusion following the results of his famous gold foil experiment. This experiment involved the firing of radioactive particles through minutely thin metal foils (notably gold) and detecting them using screens coated with zinc sulfide (a scintillator). Rutherford found that although the vast majority of particles passed straight through the foil approximately 1 in 8000 were deflected leading him to his theory that most of the atom was made up of 'empty space'

(^___^)Rutherford's model of atom was well correlated with the results of a dispersion of an a-particle by atoms of substance, but it has not explained neither the process of radiation of atoms, nor legitimacies in spectrums of radiation. According to the laws of an electrodynamics rotating around the kern the electron should radiate electromagnetic waves. As a result of radiation the natural energy of an electron should be diminished, thus the trajectory it will be figured by a spiral, and during the order 10^-8 about an electron should fall on a kern. Such deduction obtained on the basis of representations of classical physics about radiation, contradicted known stability of atoms and character of nuclear spectrums of radiation

.(^___^)British physicist Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) has created a planetary model of atom exploring a dispersion of a-particles transiting through a thin metal foil. According to this model an atom looks like a tiny planetary system, in which the forces of an electrical attraction operate.The center of an atom is a positively charged kern. Almost all mass of an atom is focused there. Negatively charged eletrons rotate around the kern.

(^___^)The exact nature of the radiation emitted from the disintegrating elements remained a mystery until a series of papers by Ernest Rutherford in 1899 and Paul Villard in 1900. After determining that the radiation emitted from uranium was composed of two different components, Rutherford unsucessfully attempted to separate them using prisms of glass, aluminum and paraffin wax. Eventually, using two oppositely charged plates, he identified the components as positive particles (alpha particles) and lighter mass negative particles (beta particles). Villard identified a third primary type of radioactivity, gamma rays, from a radium sample. Gamma rays have no mass and possess no charge. The behavior of the three types of particles as they pass through the electric field between two charged plates is shown below.

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LINKS:  
http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/atomic/rutherford.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html

http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline//pages/1911.html 

http://library.thinkquest.org/C0122360/full/1-1_e.html

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Patricia Tingjuy(contributed) 

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